Tuesday, December 31, 2019

Battle of Derna During the First Barbary War

The Battle of Derna took place during the First Barbary War. William Eaton and First Lieutenant Presley OBannon captured Derna on April 27, 1805, and successfully defended it on May 13. Armies Commanders United States William EatonFirst Lieutenant Presley OBannon10 US Marines and soldiers200 Christian mercenaries200-300 Muslim mercenaries Tripoli Hassan BeyApprox. 4,000 men William Eaton In 1804, during the fourth year of the First Barbary War, the former American consul to Tunis, William Eaton returned to the Mediterranean. Titled Naval Agent to the Barbary States, Eaton had received support from the US government for a plan to overthrow the pasha of Tripoli, Yusuf Karamanli. After meeting with the commander of US naval forces in the area, Commodore Samuel Barron, Eaton traveled to Alexandria, Egypt with $20,000 to seek out Yusufs brother Hamet. The former pasha of Tripoli, Hamet had been deposed in 1793 and then exiled by his brother in 1795. A Small Army After contacting Hamet, Eaton explained that he wished to raise a mercenary army to help the former pasha regain his throne. Eager to retake power, Hamet agreed and work began to build a small army. Eaton was aided in this process by First Lieutenant Presley OBannon and eight US Marines, as well as Midshipman Pascal Peck. Assembling a ragtag group of around 500 men, mostly Arab, Greek, and Levantine mercenaries, Eaton and OBannon set off across the desert to capture the Tripolitan port of Derna. Setting Out Departing Alexandria on March 8, 1805, the column moved along the coast pausing at El Alamein and Tobruk. Their march was supported from the sea by the warships USS Argus, USS Hornet, and USS Nautilus under the command of Master Commandant Isaac Hull. Shortly after the march began, Eaton, now referring to himself as General Eaton, was forced to deal with a growing rift between the Christian and Muslim elements in his army. This was made worse by the fact that his $20,000 had been used and money to fund the expedition was growing scarce. Tension Among the Ranks On at least two occasions, Eaton was forced to contend with near mutinies. The first involved his Arab cavalry and was put down at bayonet-point by OBannons Marines. A second occurred when the column lost contact with Argus and food became scarce. Convincing his men to eat a pack camel, Eaton was able to stall until the ships reappeared. Pressing on through heat and sand storms, Eatons force arrived near Derna on April 25 and was resupplied by Hull. After his demand for the citys surrender was refused, Eaton maneuvered for two days before initiating his attack. Moving Forward Dividing his force in two, he sent Hamet southwest to severe the road to Tripoli and then attack the western side of the city. Moving forward with the Marines and the other mercenaries, Eaton planned to assault the harbor fortress. Attacking on the afternoon of April 27, Eatons force, supported by naval gunfire, met determined resistance as the citys commander, Hassan Bey, had reinforced the harbor defenses. This permitted Hamet to sweep into the western side of the city and capture the governors palace. Wounded, Yet Triumphant Grabbing a musket, Eaton personally led his men forward and was wounded in the wrist as they drove the defenders back. By the end of the day, the city had been secured and OBannon hoisted the US flag over the harbor defenses. It was the first time the flag had flown over a foreign battlefield. In Tripoli, Yusuf had been aware of the approach of Eatons column and had dispatched reinforcements to Derna. Arriving after Eaton had taken the city, they briefly laid siege before assaulting it on May 13. Though they pushed Eatons men back, the attack was defeated by fire from the harbor batteries and Hulls ships. Aftermath The Battle of Derna cost Eaton a total of fourteen dead and several wounded. Of his force of Marines, two were killed and two wounded. OBannon and his Marines role has been commemorated by the line to the shores of Tripoli in the Marine Corps Hymn as well as the adoption of the Mamaluke sword by the Corps. Following the battle, Eaton began planning a second march with the goal of taking Tripoli. Concerned about Eatons success, Yusuf began suing for peace. Much to Eatons displeasure, Consul Tobias Lear concluded a peace treaty with Yusuf on June 4, 1805, which ended the conflict. As a result, Hamet was sent back to Egypt, while Eaton and OBannon returned to the United States as heroes. Sources Smitha, Frank E. . First Barbary War Overviewhttp://www.fsmitha.com/h3/h27b-pirx.html. Jewett, Thomas. Terrorism in Early America. https://www.varsitytutors.com/earlyamerica/early-america-review/volume-6/terrorism-early-america.

Monday, December 23, 2019

Social Stratification, Inequality and Slavery Essay

Introduction and Background: Social stratification is the structured ranking of entire groups of people that perpetuates unequal economic rewards and powers in a society it includes slavery, castes, the estate system, and social classes. Social stratification can been seen necessary through a functionalist eyes due to the fact that it motivates people to accept all jobs required for the society to survive. Conflict theorists see stratification as a major source of societal tension and conflict, different social levels with opposing interests can clash with one another over goals and resources. Interactionists stress the importance of social class in determining a persons lifestyle. The most extreme form of legalized social inequality†¦show more content†¦For example, the system of stratification that characterized the southern United States from the end of the Civil War through the 1960s resembled a caste system. These social stratifications create different situations where people of different race, ge nder, age and ethnic groups interact with one another. In the United States when Whites and minorities interactions between one another it usually create some tension and are awkward due to social norms and unfamiliar situations between one another. When discussing the struggles between age and gender it refers to the fight between younger people and older people, and male and female. When referring to older people and younger the main problem is usually the means and or use of technology or just understanding what’s happening now in our modern day. In the past, the fight between females and males was a landslide victory for males, who made it hard for females to get an education and jobs to acquire their dreams by themselves or on their own. Today females are now becoming more powerful especially in the work force, but females still are being dominated by their male counterpart making only .70 cents to the dollar. The Research Question: When using the scientific method for the Racial Diversity Feedback Survey the first step is to define the problem, how diverse our society is and how that effects social interaction and inclusion (class, racial groups, gender, sexual orientation, and religion). WhileShow MoreRelatedRelevance of Social Stratification1272 Words   |  6 PagesSocial stratification is defined as the division of a society into a number of hierarchically arranged strata. Strata are the levels or classes in society which are layered in a structured hierarchy with the least privileged at the bottom and most privileged at the top. (Giddens, 1977) A society, or human society, is a group of people related to each other through persistent relations, or a large social grouping sharing the same geographical or virtual territory, subject to the same political authorityRead MoreSocial Stratification1747 Words   |  7 Pagesaddress what social stratification is, and why sociologists consider it crucial to our understanding of today’s society. In addition it will also be discussing the three dimensions of social stratification and how we think its changed since the 1970s and 80s to today, and which theory we think best explains this change. Along with how the inequality of valued resources impacts America as a whole, and how the recent financial meltdown has made stratification worse in America. Stratification can be definedRead MoreSocial Stratification And The Caste System Essay1342 Words   |  6 PagesSocial Stratification Social stratification is an important component of society, as it helps individuals determine their proper place in society by creating a form of social hierarchy (Larkin, 2015). Many analysis use the social stratification system to help determine the inequalities, and this system of organization is found in every society across the world, though it will differ from one society to another (Larkin, 2015). Sociologists group different and diverse people into different levelsRead MoreSocial Stratification Has Good Consequences For Society1061 Words   |  5 Pagesstates that social stratification has good consequences for society. They argue societies may have different occupations or tasks that these jobs differ in their importance to society. They believed this encourages people to work harder and be more efficient in their jobs, ultimately benefiting society. 2.  List and define three different systems of stratification in society. The three different systems of social stratification in society are slavery, castes, and social classes. Slavery is the mostRead MoreCompare and Contrast Functionalist and Marxist Theories of Stratification.1537 Words   |  7 PagesCompare and Contrast Functionalist and Marxist Theories of Stratification Stratification is the separation of society into layers which are distinguished by unequal rewards and life chances and many systems of stratification have been based on slavery, caste and feudalism. Slavery, being the oldest and most extreme form of stratification, involves the enslavement or ownership of others. 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This shows the structure of stratification where it starts with the social differentiation, then social inequality, social order, social stratification, organizing principles of stratification, social structure, social institutions, and the life optionsRead MoreDominant-Minority Relations1137 Words   |  5 Pagestransformed dominant-minority relations and required the creation of new structures and processes to maintain racial stratification and white privilege (Healey, p. 131). The early 1800s to the mid-1900s was the industrial revolution, where machines replaced animal and human labor. Todayâ €™s society is known as the postindustrial or deindustrialized society which brought even more changes to social organization and new technologies. However, race and ethnicity continue to affect life chances and limit opportunitiesRead MoreRacism And Racism Essay1448 Words   |  6 PagesHow does stratification system take place in African American communities? Many minority Communities are subjected to racism and discrimination within/ outside their communities. The social prejudices on the black community gives an example of a caste system where you re born into unequal groups based on their parents (race), most likely born into poverty if a minority. â€Å"Minority racial groups are more likely to experience multidimensional property than their white counterparts†, due to historical

Saturday, December 14, 2019

Censorship in 1984 by George Orwell Free Essays

â€Å"It was terribly dangerous to let your thoughts wander when you were in any public place or within range of a telescreen. The smallest thing could give you away. A nervous tic, an unconscious look of anxiety, a habit of muttering to yourself–anything that carried with it the suggestion of abnormality, of having something to hide. We will write a custom essay sample on Censorship in 1984 by George Orwell or any similar topic only for you Order Now In any case, to wear an improper expression on your face†¦ ; was itself a punishable offense. There was even a word for it in Newspeak: face crime†¦ † Thoughtcrime does not entail death; thoughtcrime is death. † â€Å"Never again will you be capable of ordinary human feeling. Everything will be dead inside you. Never again will you be capable of love, or friendship, or joy of living, or laughter, or curiosity, or courage, or integrity. You will be hollow. We shall squeeze you empty and then we shall fill you with ourselves. † In 1984 the Party uses various tactics to manipulate the inhabitants of Oceania as well as those of Nazi Germany. A common form of control in both the Party and the Nazi empire was the use of children for fulfilling the will of their respective government. In Orwell’s novel 1984 Winston claims that, â€Å"It was almost normal for people over thirty to be frightened of their own children. And with good reason, for hardly a week passed in which the Times did not carry a paragraph describing how some eavesdropping little sneak—â€Å"child hero† was the phrase generally used—had overheard some compromising remark and denounced his parents to the Thought Police. the children of 1984 are used as a separate police force to monitor the actions of the people around them, including their parents. Theses â€Å"child heroes† are almost an exact. Memory hole A memory hole is any mechanism for the alteration or disappearance of inconvenient or embarrassing documents, photographs, transcripts, or other records, such as from a web site or other archive, particularly as part o f an attempt to give the impression that something never happened. The concept was first popularized by George Orwell’s dystopian novel Nineteen Eighty-Four. In Nineteen Eighty-Four the memory hole is a small chute leading to a large incinerator used for censorship In the walls of the cubicle there were three orifices. To the right of the speak write, a small pneumatic tube for written messages, to the left, a larger one for newspapers; and in the side wall, within easy reach of Winston’s arm, a large oblong slit protected by a wire grating. This last was for the disposal of waste paper. Similar slits existed in thousands or tens of thousands throughout the building, not only in every room but at short intervals in every corridor. For some reason they were nicknamed memory holes. When one knew that any document was due for destruction, or even when one saw a scrap of waste paper lying about, it was an automatic action to lift the flap of the nearest memory hole and drop it in, whereupon it would be whirled away on a current of warm air to the enormous furnaces which were hidden somewhere in the recesses of the building. In the novel, the memory hole is a slot into which government officials deposit politically inconvenient documents and records to be destroyed. Nineteen Eighty-Four’s protagonist Winston Smith, who works in the Ministry of Truth, is routinely assigned the task of revising old newspaper articles in order to serve the propaganda interests of the government. For example, if the government had pledged that the chocolate ration would not fall below the current 30 grams per week, but in fact the ration is reduced to 20 grams per week, the historical record (for example, an article from a back issue of the Times newspaper) is revised to contain an announcement that a reduction to 20 grams might soon prove necessary, or that the ration, then 15 grams, would soon be increased to that number. The original copies of the historical record are deposited into the memory hole. A document placed in the memory hole is supposedly transported to an incinerator from which â€Å"not even the ash remains†. However, as with almost all claims made by the Party in this novel, the truth is left ambiguous and the reader is not told whether the documents are truly destroyed. For example, a picture which Winston throws into one early in the novel is produced later during his torture session, if only to be thrown back in an instant later. Nineteen Eighty-Four (sometimes written 1984) is a 1949 dystopian novel by George Orwell about an oligarchical, collectivist society. Life in the Oceania province of Airstrip One is a world of perpetual war, pervasive government surveillance, and incessant public mind control. The individual is always subordinated to the state, and it is in part this philosophy which allows the Party to manipulate and control humanity. In the Ministry of Truth, protagonist Winston Smith is a civil servant responsible for perpetuating the Party’s propaganda by revising historical records to render the Party omniscient and always correct, yet his meagre existence disillusions him to the point of seeking rebellion against Big Brother, eventually leading to his arrest, torture, and reconversion. As literary political fiction, Nineteen Eighty-Four is a classic novel of the social science fiction subgenre. Since its publication in 1949, many of its terms and concepts, such as Big Brother, doublethink, thought crime, Newspeak, and Memory hole, have become contemporary vernacular. In addition, the novel popularized the adjective Orwellian, which refers to lies, surveillance, or manipulation of the past in the service of a totalitarian agenda. Nineteen Eighty-Four (sometimes written 1984) is a 1949 dystopian novel by George Orwell about an oligarchical, collectivist society. Life in the Oceania province of Airstrip One is a world of perpetual war, pervasive government surveillance, and incessant public mind control. The individual is always subordinated to the state, and it is in part this philosophy which allows the Party to manipulate and control humanity. In the Ministry of Truth, protagonist Winston Smith is a civil servant responsible for perpetuating the Party’s propaganda by revising historical records to render the Party omniscient and always correct, yet his meagre existence disillusions him to the point of seeking rebellion against Big Brother, eventually leading to his arrest, torture, and reconversion. As literary political fiction, Nineteen Eighty-Four is a classic novel of the social science fiction subgenre. Since its publication in 1949, many of its terms and concepts, such as Big Brother, doublethink, thought crime, Newspeak, and Memory hole, have become contemporary vernacular. In addition, the novel popularized the adjective Orwellian, which refers to lies, surveillance, or manipulation of the past in the service of a totalitarian agenda. Mind control Mind control (also known as brainwashing, coercive persuasion, mind abuse, thought control, or thought reform) refers to a process in which a group or individual â€Å"systematically uses unethically manipulative methods to persuade others to conform to the wishes of the manipulator(s), often to the detriment of the person being manipulated†. 1] The term has been applied to any tactic, psychological or otherwise, which can be seen as subverting an individual’s sense of control over their own thinking, behavior, emotions or decision making. Theories of brainwashing and of mind control were originally developed to explain how totalitarian regimes appeared to succeed in systematically indoctrinating prisoners of war through propaganda and torture techniques. These theories were later expanded and modified, by psychologists including Margaret Singer, to explain a wider range of phenomena, especially conversions to new religious movements (NRMs). A third-generation theory proposed by Ben Zablocki focused on the utilization of mind control to retain members of NRMs and cults to convert them to a new religion. The suggestion that NRMs use mind control techniques has resulted in scientific and legal controversy. Neither the American Psychological Association nor the American Sociological Association has found any scientific merit in such theories. How to cite Censorship in 1984 by George Orwell, Papers

Friday, December 6, 2019

Philosophy for Labour and Human Rights -myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about thePhilosophy for Labour and Human Rights. Answer: The kind of equality the we should be concerned about in structuring a just society There are many schools of philosophical thought that have come up with different and distinctive kinds of equality. A society as well cannot do well without guidelines on equality. There are concepts of justice like egalitarian concept which tries to view equality as a basic and important goal of justice. Justice can be achieved in the community only if equality is considered. Equality can then be understood as a social or a political concept that views the members of the society with fairness which results justice. However, there has been many concepts and accounts that has been conflicting each other about the kind of fairness that the society should embrace so as to establish a just society. When the society weigh between the moral equality, equality of responsibility, opportunities for welfare, simple equality among other kinds, there is hardly an equilibrium of consensus on which to build a just society on. There is a concept of identifying the notions, equality of what? equalit y among who? and the value of equity, that has always been conflicted about. The comparison between which items where equality will be applied will presume a tertium comparationis (Weber, 2014, p.151). Social equality is based on the ontological equality which supposes that all people have the same status in some levels. The levels include opportunities civil equality, and general freedom of an individual. For a society to achieve justice, it has to be based on the social equality. Social justice gives the standard of equal opportunities for all society members. This implies that every person in that social setup is entitled to equal chances for acquiring wealth, express his/her opinion. Conley (2014) describes the concept of equality in relation to opportunities when he uses the word monopoly. He describes the society using this word because monopoly in all fields including economics and business, the rule of equality in grasping the opportunity that is available. Social equality guarantees this choice. The step to grab the opportunities rests on each individual in the society. The civil laws are provided to all members of the society equality. Indeed, there is no member of the so ciety who is taken to be special for the case of the law. Violation of the social constructed laws or the political laws, requires for such person to face the consequence just like any other. This is fairness. In social equality, Lesley Jacobs (2017) talks of Egalitarian justice that can be achieved when everybody is given equal opportunity in the society. This calls for the idea that people should be treated the same in some respect, they should be treated as equals and it also affirmed that all human being are the same in worth and moral status. This means that just as the day and night is 24 hours for all humans, egalitarians consider equality to be of the same caliber. There is all reason that we should seek social equality. Every person would like to live in a just society but there are many differences that robs us justice. One of these factors that leads to an unjust society is unfairness, selfishness and injustice. Considering the principles of egalitarian justice, we can come to an agreement that a just society can be created through justice. One of the ways to social equality is through appreciation of each other. When people consider others to be as important like them, they will be able to appreciate the concept of equality. Another thing is that, being civically equal, members of society are able to solve their issues with justice. Consider the case of a person who is poor and another one is rich. Though each of them had equal opportunity to grow rich, there is some factors which can limit growth of some society members and resulting to class stratification. When a case of such characters is presented to court, these people should be handled the same. The case for the poor should be listened just as it would be for the rich. It gives a reason as to why we should be concerned about social equality. Social equality is also guided by the formality principles of equality. It proposes that formal rules should not prohibit people from a certain level to achieve. For instance, our society demands that one has to work to earn a dairy living. However, there are some cases of joblessness and employers have to conduct thorough interviews for the applicants of specific job positions. Formally, the opportunities will be given to everybody to apply but the employer may not choose a white, and leave the rest of the races or, if it is in a black land, the employer may choose a black and leave the rest. Though the requirements of the employer may vary, there are some factors that society should consider appropriate and others inappropriate. The case I have presented may not ignite some sought of discrimination and injustice but if the whole organization will be felt for a single race in all its branches, we can conclude that that society does not have some formal equality principle. The case m ay not be forwarded to the court of law but the society need to consider social equality which will in turn bear formality in opportunities for equality (Ferreira and Peragine, 2015, p.96). Aristotle is among the proposers of this formality principle in social equality. He identifies two categories of which would accelerate social equality; numerical and proportional. Numerical category doesnt seem to hold relevance to the current society because it calls for indistinguishable and identical treatment of each member of the society in terms of giving them uniform quantities. Proportional equality category is however so much important in the society. The reason is because it talks of treating people fairly in relation to their due. When people in the community are just given their share without discrimination, it must not be equal to everyone but in relation to what someone deserves, or according to ones due. The society will be able to achieve justice and fairness that members will receive just as they deserve. Equality is taken to be a good idea but it involves a great change. According to Egalitarianism approach, there is always some objection that striving for equality matters for its own sake, independently of whether it hinders or promotes the attainment of other values. Others ask if really inequality is objectionable because when we consider the gaps between the poor and the rich in contrast to the very poor and relatively poor is morally considerable. These two objections have a base that can be used to ascertain them as claims. Inequality doesnt matter for its own sake but in contrast, it matters for the people in the society. It stands not for its approval as a school of philosophical thought but as a social and political principle that can be embraced to check justice in the society. However, to some extent we can say that equality for justice has limits. For instance, when we consider the people who have a lot of wealth and others do not have, we cannot just take it and give to the poor because there is still the equality of opportunities of which many of the poor people neglect. Do you think that the society can have hard working people if things were just shared equally? Certainly not. This leads us to a situation whereby equality becomes a social responsibility and part of civil justice and executed by the society members for seeking a just society. However, it has always been challenging to meet the social equality. Though it is imperative to work for unity, it is inversely achievable because of social, economic, political and cultural factors. Social equality is dependent upon other types of equality. For instance, for formality in enjoying social equity, there is an assumption that all people are created the same. Social equality presupposes that all human kind are the same and therefore, they deserve equal treatment. The counterargument to this is that, though people are the same in creation, they have different abilities and more so, power. When people are of this kind, it becomes so hard for social equality to prevail. Economic power for example, will make some people in the society to be felt than the other. They are perceived different as the common people because, they have a voice in the society. Examples of these people are the politicians or the ruling class. They tend to look special and unique. Is it really possibl e for these people to be handled the same as the common citizen? Certainly not. Social equality is then criticized by the Marxist ideologies that, when individuals seeks for equality, the poor have an advantage as they have little or nothing to lose and share. For instance, the policies for equal ownership of property in the society where individuals are not allowed to possess a certain amount of possession, like land, is unfair to the investors. The capitalists are for the same idea against social equality to some extent, especially when it comes to economic reasons. However, the benefits of upholding social equality carry more weight as the ultimate need of the society is an environment where people can co-exist, live and grow in all spheres of life. All in all, we should be concerned with the social and equality which will lead the society towards equality of opportunity, equality of condition and also civil equality. A just society is where the citizens will be able to check on their levels of equality and be concerned with all positive social principles that will guarantee social justice. However, without concern of equality, the society will have failed in valuing the lives of some individual society members. Again expression of equality is to be taken with a lot of care. The reason is because adapting some principles of inequality such as responsibility approach, simple equality, welfare advantage and libertarianism may have a negative impact to the justice in the society. The fact is that the poor would like to enjoy equality through sharing the products but not through cooperation in working for that product. The have nots will therefore, perceive inequality and equality through a contemptuous attitude to jeopardize the ha ves. In any way, justice will not prevail if it is not an individual social responsibility to being just with oneself first and then, to the others. References Conley, T., 2015. Recent research on inequality. Ecodate, 29(4), p.2. Ferreira, F.H. and Peragine, V., 2015. Equality of opportunity: Theory and evidence. Foster, L. and Jacobs, L.A., 2017. Introduction: Labour and Human Rights. Pfeffer, F.T., Schoeni, R.F., Wolff, E.N., Fisher, J., Johnson, D., Latner, J.P., Smeeding, T., Thompson, J., Devlin-Foltz, S., Henriques, A. and Sabelhaus, J., 2016. Wealth inequality: Economic and social dimensions. Russell Sage Journal of the Social Sciences, 6 (2). Weber, R., 2014. Comparative philosophy and the tertium: Comparing what with what, and in what respect?. Dao: A Journal of Comparative Philosophy, 13(2), p.151.